Minggu, 23 Februari 2020

The definition of Test, measurement, assessment and evaluation of two different authors
  • According to riduwan (2006: 37) tests are a series of questions used to measure the skills, knowledge, intelligence, abilities or talents that individuals/groups have.
  • According to rusli lutan (2000:21) tests are instruments that use to obtain information about an individual or an object.
  • According to angelosi (1995: 21) measurement is the process of data collection by empirical observations used to gather relevant information with a determined purpose. In this case teachers assess students' achievements by reading or observing what students do, by observing their performance, by hearing what they say, and by using their senses such as seeing, hearing, touching, kissing, and feeling.
  • According to wiersma & jurs (1990) measurement is a numerical assessment of the facts of objects to be measured by certain criteria or units.
  • According to djemari mardapi (1999: 8) assessment is the activity of interpreting or describing measurements.
  • According to Palomba and Banta (1999), Assessment is the systematic collection , review , and use of information about educational programs undertaken for the purpose of improving student learning and development
  • According to Frey, Barbara A., and Susan W. Alman. (2003): Evaluation is the systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to determine the extent to which pupils are achieving instructional objectives.
  • According to Mehrens & lehmann, 1978:5) Evaluation is a process of planning, obtaining, and providing indispensable information to make alternative decisions. 
The definition of formative, summative, formal and informal assessment
  • According to winkel these formative evaluations were use of tests during the ongoing learning process, allowing students and teachers to get feedback on progress.
  • According to winkel the sumative evaluation as use of tests at the end of a particular teaching period, covering some or all of the lesson units taught in a semester, even after discussing a field of study.
  • Formal assessments are systematic, preplanned methods of testing students that are used to determine how well students have learned the material that is being taught in the classroom. In other words, formal assessments provide a way to know what the students know.
  • Informal assessments are those spontaneous forms of assessment that can easily be incorporated in the day-to-day classroom activities and that measure the students performance and progress. Informal assessments are content and performance driven.

References
http://amrinasr.blogspot.com/2016/06/pengukuran-measurement-penilaian.html?m=1
https://httadityachandra.blogspot.com/2016/08/pengertian-pengukuran-measurement.html
https://www.google.com/amp/s/imammalik11.wordpress.com/2015/01/10/penilaian-formatif-dan-sumatif/amp/
https://abdao.wordpress.com/2015/07/18/formal-and-informal-assessments/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/formal-assessment-examples-ty.pes-qiuz.html

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